The Muslim wedding dress is unique and has many differences from the European style dress. Every girl of the East must be dressed in such a way that her outfit corresponds to the customs of her people.
Oriental style dresses stand out from the rest due to their closeness. It is permissible to expose only the hands and face. An outfit that is too tight or that is made of transparent fabric is not allowed. Today Muslims try to adhere to their customs.
Traditional Muslim wedding dress
Muslim wedding dresses highlight the chastity, restraint and piety of the girl. According to the religion of Islam, the bride cannot be dressed provocatively, since a woman in Islam is prohibited from causing sexual attraction in the opposite sex.
Features of traditional oriental dresses include:
- the outfit should emphasize the bride's modesty and comply with the customs and traditions of Islam. The use of any other style to create a more modern image is excluded;
- maximum hidden body: chest and throat are closed, sleeve length is up to the wrist, the skirt should be to the floor. Sometimes a girl wears gloves to hide her hands;
- Hijab is required. It hides the girl's ears and hair. To create it, the use of transparent or translucent material is prohibited;
- the veil is worn over the hijab. It may be similar to the long European version;
- The cut of the dress should be loose. However, their silhouette does not look like a bag or hoodie. The dress outlines the female figure very delicately;
- The color of the outfit can be not only white. The use of other colors is allowed: cream, pink, red;
- The bride's outfit is decorated with various patterns and ornaments. Golden embroidery, pearls, and lace are also used. By the way the bride's outfit is decorated, one can judge the bride's financial condition. The richer she is, the more jewelry she has sewn onto her dress.
Despite these strict conditions, all Muslim outfits look very rich, luxurious and bewitching.
Features of a Muslim dress for the bride
All brides want to look beautiful at their wedding ceremony. But the concept of attractiveness among girls with different traditions and religions is quite different.
For Muslim wedding dresses, the main goal is to display the modesty, purity and piety of Muslim women. In Islam, it is unacceptable for girls to wear an outfit that could cause attraction in the opposite sex.
In this regard, traditional Muslim wedding attire covers the area of the arms, décolleté and neck. Only the face and hands are allowed to be exposed. The Muslim dress is often a loose-fitting style with long sleeves and a covered neck.
Also, the girl must wear a headdress that will hide her ears and hair, and a veil.
When sewing an outfit, you cannot use transparent fabrics and heavily decorate them with various elements.
The robe can have a different color, but it should not fit the girl’s body. The bride puts on this type of clothing directly to the ceremony, where invited guests will gather for the celebration.
But there is another tradition that the bride and groom who profess Islam must observe. According to it, men and the groom celebrate their wedding in one hall, and girls and the bride in another. With this version of the celebration, the girl can choose a looser attire.
It is even allowed to use a short European-style wedding dress with a neckline.
Styles of modern Muslim wedding dresses
Muslim wedding dresses come in a variety of styles. Talented fashion designers work hard on their image. They decorate dresses with various draperies, sparkling stones, lace, and embroidery. Thanks to this, oriental robes look like a real masterpiece of art. The cost of the dresses is quite high, since almost all the work on them is done by hand.
An oriental girl has three options for choosing an outfit for the main celebration in her life:
- She can choose a simple style model with wrist-length sleeves and a floor-length skirt, or attract attention using embroidery and patterns made in the style of the East.
- The bride, at her wedding, can wear a trouser set or choose a fluffy dress made of chiffon. A trouser suit is often complemented by a skirt or wide scarf, which is worn over the trousers.
- Some girls buy a European-style dress, and then complement it with golf, which they wear under the outfit. You can also complement the look with a bolero, which will cover your arms up to your hands.
Wedding dresses of Arab brides from famous fashion designers
Eastern fashion designers have always been famous for their style and luxurious designs, from which it is impossible to take your eyes off. Hand-decorated dresses, expensive fabric, luxurious silhouettes - this is all about the dresses of Arab fashion designers. Today, we can highlight two of the most famous fashion designers, whose dresses can so often be seen at weddings in the United Arab Emirates - Mohammed Ashi and Elie Saab.
Mohammed Ashi
A talented fashion designer from Saudi Arabia, Mohammed Ashi, created his own brand of wedding and evening dresses in 2008 - Ashi Studio. Since then and to this day, the wedding works of this designer have delighted all the brides of the East, and especially the new collection of Arabic dresses 2021.
The most expensive and natural fabrics, interesting styles, complex cuts and stylish details - this is all about the dresses of the Ashi Studio fashion house, which combine the classics and modernity of the East. Wedding dresses, the creation of which the designer was inspired by the culture of his country, architecture and cinema, have become famous throughout the world. Brides wearing dresses from Ashi Studio are girls who want to stand out and be the best on their most important day of their lives.
Traditional outfits
A Muslim traditional wedding dress is an outfit that covers all parts of the body. However, it is richly decorated. The image turns out luxurious and at the same time strict. Only her husband should see the girl's figure. In this regard, a voluminous outfit is worn that will hide the bride’s body from prying eyes.
To decorate a traditional dress, beads, rhinestones, gold thread, and stones are used.
However, you also cannot overdo it with decoration, because the outfit cannot look pretentious. Its possible colors range from bright marsala to peach. The hair must be hidden. For this, a hijab or silk scarf is used. The decoration of the headdress should correspond to the overall style of the dress. Pearls or embroidery are used to decorate it.
Traditional attire can be divided into two types:
- a strict version of the dress. They emphasize modesty, humility and devotion to the spouse. The outfit completely covers the body. Dress decorations are used inconspicuously. They mean happiness in family life and fertility. Despite all the severity, such outfits look very elegant;
- elegant options. They are completely closed, but have rich decorative elements: brightly colored embroidery, a large number of beads and rhinestones. And also the presence of flowers and lace. In such an outfit, the girl will comply with all the rules of Islam, and at the same time she will stand out among others.
However, there is an exception to the rules regarding Muslim wedding attire. It works when the bride and groom celebrate in separate rooms. They should not overlap with each other in any way.
In such a situation, the bride has the right to choose any outfit option. She can choose an off-the-shoulder style with a top and knee length. However, dresses that are too tight and provocative are not acceptable.
Arabic style wedding: decoration inspiration
As you know, the East is a delicate matter. For us, this is a special “country” that hardly has any real geographical boundaries. This is the land of sands, among which caravans of camels ply, carrying either spices or ripe dates and figs. Mystical land
A Thousand and One Nights
once appeared , and a simple boy
Aladdin
found a lamp with a genie, with the help of which he outwitted robbers, gained untold riches, and also won the heart of a princess.
But no matter how mystical this region may be, we can imagine the oriental or in other words Arabic style quite easily. Typical patterns and gold, brocade and a rich table with ripe fruits... Do you want to know how to decorate your wedding in this style? Today we will tell you, sim-sim!
Save
organizer Anastasia Sutyrina
Save
photographer Margo Ermolaeva
Colors
Perhaps the first color that comes to mind when mentioning the Arabic theme is golden
. But you can’t make everything around gold, right? Therefore, this color includes a whole spectrum of shades: golden, copper, bronze, as well as all shades of brown and beige tones, reminiscent of eastern sand dunes.
Save
Tandem wedding workshop
Arabian Night, magical East... So it was sung in the old cartoon about Aladdin, and we are adding the colors of the Arabian Night to our palette - black
and dark blue, like the colors of the bottomless sky.
Don't want to miss the latest news from the wedding industry?
Subscribe to our newsletter
At the same time, we remember carpets and brocade pillows, which were always full of different colors. Color accents can be really vibrant: shades of red
(pomegranate),
orange
(like melon or dried apricots),
green
(reminiscent of palm trees and desert oases) and
blue.
Save
RingStore rings
Save
decor studio Honey & May
Save
floristry and decor Flowers Republic
Fabrics
Of course, we immediately remember the famous Silk Road, and the first thing that comes to mind is silk
.
Although it was always brought from China, it is also included in our theme of the East. Traditionally, however, the outfits of rich pashas and khans were made from another fabric, one of the most expensive and elegant - brocade
. Both of these fabrics are very expensive to this day, so you can only recreate the effect that products made from these fabrics produce: shimmer in the sun, dense impermeable fabric decorated with embroidery, multi-layering.
organza will not clash in style.
, which will give airiness.
Save
decorations Anna Melostnaya
Shapes and decor
Arabic style is very fond of rounded
forms. Remember, even Arabic script has rounded outlines. We are reminded of the round domes of mosques, pot-bellied vases, jugs and goblets.
On the other hand, Arab art, with all its diversity, gravitates towards patterns and mosaics. The patterns are also replete with many forms, ranging from plant motifs to rather abstract paintings. In decor, this is often embodied by cut-out patterns.
, such as carved lamps and lamps. Here you can use your imagination, remember everything we know about the Middle East from popular culture, because this is the image we strive to embody - almost fairy-tale and a little dreamy.
Save
decor and floristry studio Veranda
As for the design, we must remember that the Arabic style does not accept high tables and chairs - here there are carpets and pillows
, and the tables are exactly as high as you need if you are sitting on the floor.
But of course, if this option is not to your liking, then you can only create seating areas with pillows
, and hold the banquet in a more traditional form, for example, with benches at a common table.
Save
wedding agency Lyubov-Carrot
Save
floristry and decor Flowers Republic
Save
floristry and decoration studio Veranda
Save
Happy pastry studio
Table
The riot of colors that is found in Arabic art very accurately conveys what happens on the oriental table - ripe fruits, vegetables, as well as food richly seasoned with spices, which also have bright yellow and red shades.
At the same time, tablecloths or napkins can also be colorful, so that an almost kaleidoscope of colors is created.
Of course, the table cannot do without oriental sweets!
Save
floristry and decor Flowers Republic
Save
decor and floristry studio Veranda
Save
organizer Anastasia Sutyrina
Save
Igor Kovchegin Fine Art Photography
We hope you are inspired and have some ideas on how to decorate your wedding in Arabic style!
Fluffy layered chiffon dress
Muslim wedding dresses can have a multi-layered full skirt. This will comply with the rules of the oriental style. These outfits are in many ways similar to the European look. However, the bride's arms are covered with wrist-length sleeves. It is also necessary that the throat and chest are covered.
The skirt is made of several layers of chiffon. Thanks to this skirt, you get a delicate, light and airy look. Beads or glass beads are sewn on top of it. It can also be decorated with embroidery or thin lace. The top of this dress is made of light silk or chiffon. It fits slightly to the body.
The newlywed, in a dress with a full skirt, looks like a rose. It is possible to emphasize this similarity by using soft pink or peach color. It is important that the veil and headdress harmonize well with the overall style. The advantage of this style is that the waist will effectively emphasize it at the top, and the fluffy bottom will hide all the imperfections of the hips.
Modern outfits for a Muslim bride
In the modern world, designers have tried and sewed a large number of different outfits for Muslim women.
They are distinguished by romance, tenderness and elegance. To decide on one outfit, you have to choose based on several indicators:
- color;
- style;
- headdress.
All elements must be combined with each other, and the end result will be the image of a gentle, but at the same time luxurious bride.
Color
A woman who professes Islam and is getting married should not adhere to a white dress at all. This is more of a European tradition. In Turkey, red has long been considered the traditional wedding color. Nowadays they are moving away from this custom a little, but nevertheless, a fairly small number of brides choose muted tones.
Mostly the shade choice ends with bright colors. It can be blue, pink, red, silver.
The color itself should ultimately create the image of a gentle bride, so when choosing a bright shade, you should dilute it with delicate decor and jewelry. In any religion, a bride is, first of all, a delicate and sophisticated flower.
Style
Wedding dress styles:
- The first place in popularity has always been and remains the straight, slightly fitted style of an Islamic dress - in it a girl will look feminine and at the same time elegant. The straight-cut, floor-length outfit subtly draws the eye to the refined figure. It can be made of textured fabric such as guipure. In this case, a thick insert is made under it so that the dress does not show through.
- Mermaid - Islam over time slightly relaxed its rules and brides were allowed to add a fish style to the classic straight silhouette. As a result, the strict image was preserved, but a chic flared hem made of flowing materials was added.
- Lush style - the bride in it looks like a rose, which is simply adored in Eastern culture. You can especially emphasize the similarity by choosing an outfit in delicate pink or peach shades. The splendor is achieved thanks to the multi-layered bottom; the top in this case is made of light silk or chiffon.
- A-silhouette is a traditional outfit that meets absolutely all the rules. At the same time, its uniqueness lies in the fact that it modestly and unobtrusively emphasizes the figure and its sophistication.
Hats
An integral attribute of an oriental beauty is a headdress. It is strictly forbidden to go out into the world without it. The wedding was no exception.
As an accessory it is suggested to use:
- hijab;
- handkerchief;
- veil.
The entire head should be covered. According to faith and tradition, the scarf should not be visible; all hair should be hidden under it.
In this case, Muslim brides actively decorate their headdress. It is acceptable to attach a tiara to a closed hijab or decorate a scarf with stones.
In any case, in the end the image should not be too pretentious and vulgar.
The following should be named as fashion designers:
- Elie Saab - managed to combine European and Muslim culture. He did not stray from tradition, bringing a little celebration to the image of the oriental beauty. His dresses add a stand-up collar and a slightly fitted silhouette. Thanks to this, the image of the bride turned out to be more sexy and at the same time romantic.
- Irna La Perle is a Muslim designer who is in great demand. Her dresses are feminine. She achieved this through the use of delicate fabrics and colors. At the same time, it does not deviate at all from the canons of Islam.
A-line with gold or silver embroidery
Muslim wedding dresses can be made in an A-line design. Dresses of this type combine modesty and grace. It perfectly meets all the requirements of Islam.
The main features of this style include:
- The bodice is fitted and the hem is wide. This option gracefully emphasizes the bride’s figure;
- has smooth lines that can hide all figure imperfections;
- the extension of the skirt starts from the waist;
- the color of the dress can be very diverse;
- Additionally, the dress is decorated with silver or gold thread. This decor option goes well with white fabric and the dress looks like a masterpiece;
- Usually the dress comes with a long train.
A dress of this type will not attract too much attention to the bride. It makes a woman look innocent, but very feminine. The main advantage of this dress is that it will suit any figure.
Types of Arabic wedding dresses
Modern wedding fashion offers an incredible number of dresses in the Arabic style. It’s very easy to get lost in their diversity. Therefore, I would like to consider several of the most interesting options:
- Satin dress with gold or silver embroidery
Satin is a delightful fabric that will be popular at all times and in all countries, be it Europe or Asia. But dresses made from this fabric look ideal only on slender girls, since it highlights the shortcomings of curvy girls even more. The dresses are embroidered with gold or silver threads. This type of embroidery has been popular in the East for several centuries in a row.
- A-line dresses trimmed with lace
Dresses of this silhouette will suit almost any figure and will visually add height and slimness. Even though Arabic clothing is very closed, such a silhouette will give additional fragility and tenderness. Important! If there is lace in the outfit, then it should be the same on the dress, gloves and cape.
- Lush tulle dress
In a fluffy dress, any girl will feel like a fairy-tale princess. The volume of the dress is given by tulle - a thin fabric folded in several layers, due to which the fullness of the skirt is maintained. This dress does not require rings, making it very comfortable. Such a skirt moves as if on its own, which gives the bride additional lightness, smoothness, airiness and beauty.
A wedding dress can be decorated with all kinds of embroidery, patterns, stones, and beads. The most important thing is that the accessories, makeup, and hairstyle are chosen correctly for the dress. Then the bride’s image will look harmonious, and on her special day she will feel as comfortable as possible.
Fitted dress with lace
Muslim wedding dresses can be fitted. This style is bolder than others. However, all other rules must be followed. Covered shoulders, arms and neckline make the silhouette more relaxed. The dress is decorated with thin lace, as well as precious stones and beads. This gives him innocence and at the same time luxury.
Sometimes the dress is complemented by a skirt made in the shape of a fish. However, compared to the European style, this type of skirt has more blurred and delicate outlines. This style of dress will emphasize the girl’s chastity, as well as her grace and tenderness.
Creating a complete wedding look
When the dress and accessories for the celebration are chosen, the bride just has to choose a beautiful makeup option that will highlight her beautiful facial features. Eastern brides prefer to focus on the eyes, choosing bright, rich shades of purple, burgundy or even blue for makeup. The shadows are applied thickly and brightly to create a stylish smokey eye. False eyelashes are often used in makeup to create a wider, more open look. Lips can also be painted with quite bright lipstick, but nude neutral shades can also be present. On the website for young people Svadbaholik.ru you can see stylish makeup ideas for oriental brides that you can borrow to create a wedding look for a European bride.
Muslim wedding dresses are luxury and chic that allow brides to feel like real queens and look in the photo as if on the cover of a fashion magazine.
Dress embroidered with stones and rhinestones
One of the distinctive characteristics of Muslim dresses is the presence of rich decor.
The following are sewn onto the bride's outfit:
- beads;
- bugles;
- rhinestones;
- precious stones that create raised and shimmering patterns.
The fabric for this style is usually guipure. Usually it is decorated with beads, the beads of which can be the same color or be of different colors. Such dresses include three main advantages: charm, glamor and luxury.
Dresses material
The wedding dress of a newlywed from the East can be considered a work of art. Fashion designers use various fabrics to make Muslim dresses. Usually only high-quality and expensive materials are used: silk, satin. The dress can also be made of chiffon, which looks especially luxurious in appearance.
Designers work more carefully on the decor of the outfit. Not a single Muslim dress is complete without decoration. Each pattern has its own meaning. For example, there are patterns that speak of a girl’s piety and chastity. The patterns are made with an emphasis on oriental motifs. The most popular was the guipure finish. It gives the dress a delicate and at the same time rich look.
What color do modern Muslim brides prefer?
There are no restrictions on the color of an oriental bride's dress. She can choose bright colors. However, light colors are preferable, as they additionally emphasize the tenderness and innocence of the girl.
Colors most often used by newlyweds in the East:
- cream;
- beige;
- golden;
- powdery;
- silver.
Rich tones are ideal for the youngest. In Islamic countries, a red wedding dress is encouraged. Also in the modern Islamic world, bridesmaid outfits in deep blue, violet, lilac and emerald colors are possible. The elegant cut of dresses in bright colors does not allow them to look provocative.
The choice of the color of the bride's dress is greatly influenced by the country in which the wedding is being held.
For example, a bride in Indonesia wears a blouse, a skirt and a belt. The color of all components of the outfit is bright and trimmed with guipure. Brides in Palestine use red, purple, orange, pink for their dress. The most saturated colors are used by future wives in India. They use green, cherry and gold colors.
Click to open “Dresses for NIKAHA”
Dresses for nikah are sewn within 3-7 days according to your parameters. They are fully prepaid and cannot be returned or exchanged.
See all the availability of dresses for NIKAHA in our VKONTAKTE community: https://vk.com/album-201293687_275666539
Cape dress white/gold
4800.00 RUB
More details
7800.00 RUB
More details
7800.00 RUB
More details
7800.00 RUB
More details
6800.00 RUB
More details
6800.00 RUB
More details
6800.00 RUB
More details
6800.00 RUB
More details
6800.00 RUB
More details
6800.00 RUB
More details
6800.00 RUB
More details
6800.00 RUB
More details
6800.00 RUB
More details
6800.00 RUB
More details
6800.00 RUB
More details
6800.00 RUB
More details
6400.00 RUB
More details
6400.00 RUB
More details
6400.00 RUB
More details
4500.00 RUB
More details
4500.00 RUB
More details
4800.00 RUB
More details
5300.00 RUB
3500.00 RUB
More details
4700.00 RUB
2900.00 RUB
More details
6000.00 RUB
More details
4900.00 RUB
2500.00 RUB
More details
4000.00 RUB
2500.00 RUB
More details
4100.00 RUB
2550.00 RUB
More details
4400.00 RUB
2700.00 RUB
More details
2500.00 RUB
More details
5000.00 RUB
3500.00 RUB
More details
5000.00 RUB
3200.00 RUB
More details
5200.00 RUB
2900.00 RUB
More details
4000.00 RUB
2300.00 RUB
More details
5000.00 RUB
3200.00 RUB
More details
2900.00 RUB
More details
4200.00 RUB
More details
5200.00 RUB
3500.00 RUB
More details
6000.00 RUB
3500.00 RUB
More details
5800.00 RUB
More details
4800.00 RUB
2200.00 RUB
More details
2350.00 RUB
More details
|
What else do Muslim women wear to a wedding?
In addition to the wedding dress, an oriental bride can use the following accessories:
- small clutch. It should match the color of the dress. It is also decorated with elements such as precious stones, gold or silver embroidery;
- headdress. It is decorated with fresh or artificial flowers. The more the head is covered, the more respectful the guests will be towards the bride;
- a small bouquet of flowers;
- additional accessories: belt, camisole, cape;
- Jewelry.
Decorations
Unlike wedding attire, Muslim jewelry has no restrictions. The image of an oriental bride always includes a gold ring with a large diamond, a unique engagement ring, a tiara made of precious stones, a necklace adorned with diamonds, and others.
All jewelry is worn over clothing. Eastern brides do not wear earrings because their heads and ears are covered. Also, belts made of beautiful material or thin precious metal will go well with the dress. Over the dress you can wear a classic-style coat, a fur coat or a vest.
Headdress
A headdress is a mandatory element in the attire of an Islamic bride. It should cover the girl's hair and ears.
Depending on the country in which the wedding is being held, the headdress can be of three types:
- hijab;
- veil;
- silk scarf.
The headdress is decorated in the same way as the dress: embroidery, rhinestones, beads and other elements are used. It should be in harmony with the dress.
Designers, brands of wedding dresses for Muslim women
Popular Arab designers create models of wedding dresses that amaze with their luxury. Despite the fact that the bride’s dress is based on austerity, this is not an obstacle to their use of ornaments, guipure, and stones as decoration. Every Eastern girl dreams of inheriting a wedding dress from her mother.
Today, European designers make small changes to the tailoring of dresses for oriental brides: a stand-up collar is used, which emphasizes the beauty of the neck. It is also possible to use a light corset. It will make your waist more defined.
Famous designers of the East include:
- Elie Saab is one of the best designers. It gained popularity due to the Spanish brand Pronoivias. The fashion designer comes up with elegant dress models in different styles. Its homeland is Lebanon. Thanks to his hard work and love for sewing clothes, the designer became famous. He was able to conquer Paris by opening his own wedding salon there. The designer is known all over the world and his dress models are chosen by world-famous stars. He uses pearls, crystals, and lace for dyeing. The average cost of his dresses is approximately 50 thousand rubles.
- Irna La Perle is an Indonesian designer. The style of his dresses is conservative. However, the airy fabrics, decorations and drapery he used make the bride’s image softer. The fashion designer's style is stylish and romantic. The images of this designer intersect with European style, but fully comply with the requirements of Islam.
- A famous Russian designer working in the Muslim direction is Rezeda Suleiman. The Reseda Suleman brand was founded in 2011. The Bon Jour collection presents a variety of options for wedding dresses. The name of her other wedding fashion collection is “Crystal”. All the dresses on her look sophisticated and elegant, but at the same time comply with the norms of Islam. In this show, the outfits are made of velvet and hand-embroidered with crystals. Some models have classic accents, while others have modern touches.
The photo shows designer models of Muslim wedding dresses.
It has about 60 clothing stores in Russia. The cost of her wedding dress is from 7 thousand rubles. She sews not only wedding, but also everyday Muslim clothing. All Rezeda Suleiman's dresses are sewn by hand. Each girl from her collection can choose an outfit that will highlight all the advantages and hide the flaws.
A Muslim wedding dress must be made meeting several conditions. Despite this, fashion designers come up with luxurious looks. There is a wide variety of dresses for Muslim brides. A girl can choose one that will best highlight all the charms of her figure.
Famous designers
Modern brides prefer to choose outfits from famous Arab designers. Moreover, in their collections you can find a huge number of stylish dresses. All of them are made in a fairly strict style.
At the same time, the models have many decorative elements - guipure inserts, precious stones, traditional patterns. Most often, such products are made by hand, which is why they are quite expensive.
Elie Saab
This is one of the world's best designers. Elie Saab gained his popularity thanks to the Spanish brand Pronovias. Today the designer creates sophisticated evening dresses of different styles.
When creating wedding designs, the famous couturier uses precious stones, lace, and crystals. Many outfits are decorated with natural pearls. They all look truly luxurious and elegant.
Irna La Perle
This is a famous Indonesian designer who offers Muslim girls exquisite wedding dresses. Unique couturier models are made in a conservative style. However, they look very sophisticated and feminine due to the use of lightweight materials, drapery, and decorative elements.
All the designer’s models look amazingly romantic and at the same time stylish. Irna La Perle's wedding designs are in many ways reminiscent of European dresses, but at the same time they completely fit into Muslim traditions.
Wedding dresses for oriental fashionistas look very stylish and attractive. All of them comply with the traditions of Islam and at the same time allow every bride to look sophisticated and feminine. To get a harmonious and complete bow, it is important to think through it in advance down to the smallest detail.
