Biography of Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (real name: Dzhugashvili) is an active revolutionary, leader of the Soviet state from 1920 to 1953, marshal and generalissimo of the USSR.
The period of his reign, called the “era of Stalinism,” was marked by the victory in World War II, the striking successes of the USSR in the economy, in eradicating illiteracy among the population, and in creating the world image of the country as a superpower. At the same time, his name is associated with the horrific facts of the mass extermination of millions of Soviet people through the organization of artificial famine, forced deportations, repressions directed against opponents of the regime, and internal party “cleansings.”
In the photo: Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin
Regardless of the crimes committed, he remains popular among Russians: a 2021 Levada Center poll found that most citizens consider him an outstanding leader of the state. In addition, he unexpectedly took a leading position in the results of the audience vote during the 2008 television project to select the greatest hero of Russian history, “The Name of Russia.”
Arrest
Soon Vasily Stalin faced prison. The authorities, having decided to take such a step, gave instructions to arrest the leader’s son on April 28, 1953. Under a completely different name, they sent him to the Vladimir Central to serve an eight-year sentence.
One of the main points of the accusation was the fact that Vasily Stalin visited the Chinese embassy, where he accused the country's top leadership of murdering his father. It is worth noting that in the Middle Kingdom the Soviet leader enjoyed no less authority than in his own country.
“Someone also likes me”: Sobchak commented on her appearance with humor
Making a comfortable cat hammock with your own hands: a very simple way
Russian women are deprived of maternity capital: how they do it and how to prevent it
Childhood and youth
The future “father of nations” was born on December 18, 1878 (according to another version - December 21, 1879) in eastern Georgia.
His ancestors belonged to the lower strata of the population. Father Vissarion Ivanovich was a shoemaker, earned little, drank a lot and often beat his wife. Little Soso, as his mother Ekaterina Georgievna Geladze called her son, also got it from him. The two eldest children in their family died shortly after birth. And the surviving Soso had physical disabilities: two fingers fused on his foot, damage to the skin of his face, and an arm that could not fully straighten due to an injury received at the age of 6 when he was hit by a car.
Soso Dzhugashvili (Joseph Stalin) in his youth
Joseph's mother worked hard. She wanted her beloved son to achieve “the best” in life, namely, to become a priest. At an early age, he spent a lot of time among street rowdies, but in 1889 he was accepted into a local Orthodox school, where he demonstrated extreme talent: he wrote poetry, received high grades in theology, mathematics, Russian and Greek.
In 1890, the head of the family died from a knife wound in a drunken brawl. True, some historians claim that the boy’s father was in fact not his mother’s official husband, but her distant relative, Prince Maminoshvili, Nikolai Przhevalsky’s confidant and friend. Others even attribute paternity to this famous traveler, who looks very similar to Stalin. These assumptions are confirmed by the fact that the boy was admitted to a very reputable religious educational institution, where people from poor families were barred from entering, as well as the periodic transfer by Prince Maminoshvili to Soso’s mother of funds for raising her son.
Soso Dzhugashvili (Joseph Stalin) in his school years
After graduating from college at the age of 15, the young man continued his education at the Tiflis Theological Seminary (now Tbilisi), where he made friends among Marxists. In parallel with his main studies, he began to educate himself, studying underground literature. In 1898, he became a member of the first social democratic organization in Georgia, showed himself to be a brilliant speaker and began promoting the ideas of Marxism among workers.
Was Przhevalsky the father of Joseph Stalin?
Przhevalsky - Stalin's father?
Shyly throwing this sensitive question into the yellow slot of the Internet, I began to pull out the fishing rod and was surprised by the weight of the catch - the fishing line turned into a long line, with a thousand hooks with files, some the size of a book. Not wanting to advertise to their rivals, the authors do not name them and steal someone else’s catch, preparing dishes without sparing pepper and mustard. As a result, I found out that:
Dzhuga translated from Georgian and Ossetian: iron, steel, flock, flock, garbage. From here came: the iron (steel) man, the leader of the flock, the shepherd of the flock, the scavenger and the son of a Jew, although in Georgian Jew is Uria.
The news “Stalin is the son of Przewalski” took off in 1939 from the newspaper “Žiče Warsaw”. In an article dedicated to the traveler’s centenary, his portrait and a photo of our leader appeared. The news was drowned in the storm of World War II. After it, someone established that before the expedition to Tibet, Przhevalsky in the spring of 1878 visited Prince Maminoshvili in Gori. Seeing his relative Keke (full name Ekaterina Georgievna Geladze), the officer fell in love with the 22-year-old woman. Husband Vissarion Ivanovich Dzhugashvili at that time worked at a shoe factory in Tiflis. Keke prepared khachapuri and lobio for the guest and washed the clothes. And on December 6 (18), 1878, she gave birth to a son, Joseph.
Arriving in Gori, Beso, as the husband was called, beat his wife. Because Keke cheated on him. As if living up to his name, Beso was a possessed man. I drank constantly. Like a shoemaker. And one day he beat his wife and threw his son on the floor so hard that he peed in bloody urine for a week. She ran away with him, hiding with neighbors. Maybe after such beatings, Soso’s left hand began to dry out. Later, Keke began to fight and defeat her husband. Soso remembered these fights and how his mother began to beat him. In 1935 he asked her:
- Why did you hit me so hard?
- So that you grow up so good. Who will you be now?
- Do you remember the king? So, I'm like him.
- It would be better if you became a priest.
“After Przhevalsky’s departure, money flowed from him to Georgia,” the authors write, “Soso was never in need.” “In Przhevalsky’s account book for 1880-81 there are notes about sending money to Gori.” True, later the Jewish merchant Yakov Egnatashvili paid for Soso’s teaching at the theological seminary. And if so, then he is Joseph’s possible father, some believe. There are others among the candidates for fathers. It is no coincidence that they write on the Internet: “Not only Georgians, but also Ossetians, Armenians, Poles, and Jews can consider Stalin theirs.”
Studying at the Tiflis Seminary was successful. Soso sang in church and could sing unfamiliar melodies from notes. At the age of 15 he began writing poetry. In 1895-96. they were published in the newspapers “Iveria” and “Kvali”. Ilya Chavchavadze included his poem in the Georgian anthology in 1907. Soso knew the Bible well. But Tkachev’s “Revolutionary Catechism” became a reference book. He read Gogol, Shchedrin, Chekhov, Tolstoy, Hugo, Spinoza, Mendeleev, and Darwin's On the Origin of Species. “We are being deceived: there is no God!” - he decided.
At first, Stalin indicated his date of birth - December 18, 1878. But since 1922, December 21, 1879 appeared. They say that Stalin was flattered by his origins from the famous traveler. But in 1922, when he was elected General Secretary of the Central Committee, he removed the traces of his noble father by becoming the son of a shoemaker. Voroshilov, Kalinin, Kirov and others - from workers and peasants. Why stand out? Stalin's secretary Tovstukha removed from the archives all documents about the young Kobe and his possible father Przhevalsky.
For Stalin’s 50th anniversary in 1929, Kurnatovsky wanted to write a full biography of the General Secretary, but Tovstukha said that there was nothing in the archives, saying he looked for it himself. But in reality, he hid his ends in water. Gorky wanted to write a book about the leader, but refused without documents, which upset Stalin.
Nikolai Przhevalsky
BURDONSKY'S DNA LEADS TO A DEAD END
Przhevalsky was born and raised in the Smolensk region, glorified Russia with his discoveries, and his ancestor was a Zaporozhye Cossack, captain Karnila Parovalsky. He distinguished himself in the Livonian War, which the king of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Stefan Batory, led against Ivan the Terrible. The genealogy of Ivan Vasilyevich is bizarre. He is a descendant not only of Dmitry Donskoy, but also of Khan Mamai: through the “Tatar blood” of Elena Glinskaya, who became the wife of Vasily III and gave birth to a son, Ivan.
Karnila Parowalsky, by the highest command of Stefan Batory, “the king of two nations” (Poles and Lithuanians), in 1581 “was elevated to the dignity of the nobility.” So Karnila Anisimovich became Przhevalsky
. Translated from Polish, “prze” means through, and “val” means mountain. On the shield of the noble coat of arms of the Przhevalskys there is a bow with an arrow stretched upward, as if aimed at the tops of the ridges, later discovered and recorded on maps by the traveler.
Karnila's descendant Kazimir Przhevalsky, having decided to serve in the Russian army, was baptized, taking the name Kuzma. His son Mikhail became lieutenant of the 4th Carabinieri Regiment, but left the service in 1835 due to illness. A typical loser, without rich relatives and inheritance, settled in the Smolensk region. And then he was lucky with his wife Elena Karetnikova. In 1839 their son Nikolai, a future traveler, was born. The strong baby did not look like his thin, bald father. However, heroes are born from mothers, as they believe in the east.
In 1846, Mikhail Kuzmich’s wife Elena and her three sons were orphaned. The eldest Kolya is only seven years old. His mother's brother teaches him to read and write and speak French. At the age of 10, Kolya was immediately accepted into the 2nd grade of the gymnasium, from which he graduated in 1855. Next - service in the Ryazan regiment. 1861-63 – studied at the Academy of the General Staff. Przhevalsky’s first work, “Military Statistical Review of the Amur Region,” was highly appreciated: in 1964 he was elected a member of the Russian Geographical Society. Afterwards he taught at the Warsaw Military School. The cadets enjoyed the young officer's lectures.
DNA analysis of Stalin's grandson, director A. Burdonsky, showed haplogroup G2, characteristic of Ossetians and Armenians. It is strange that Georgians are not mentioned here. And the Przhevalskys have the European haplogroup R1a. Descendant and full namesake of the traveler N.M. Przhevalsky, a professor at the Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, said: “I am glad that the noble family of the Przhevalskys got rid of this legend.” And for some reason I was upset. It's a pity to part with a beautiful myth. At the same time, it’s nice that Przhevalsky turned out to be Russian.
How bizarre is genetic geography. A descendant of the Cossacks, Przhevalsky was born and raised in the Smolensk region. Since ancient times, Smolensk has repelled attacks from the west: in the 17th century - by Stefan Batory, in the early 1600s, two False Dmitrys, warmed by the Poles, scurried around here. In 1812, Napoleon’s army passed through Smolensk, and in 1941, Hitler’s hordes. And in the north-west of the region there is the village of Przhevalskoye! In the south is the notorious Katyn, where thousands of Poles were shot, and in 2011 a plane crashed in which the President of Poland and members of the government delegation died. In Poland they called this place cursed. And, here’s mysticism, in Katyn in 1941 it became clear that Yakov Dzhugashvili had not escaped the encirclement.
It is surprising that the great traveler, elected a member of a dozen foreign academies, is not recognized in Poland, at least for his successful teaching at the Warsaw Military School. Maybe the epaulettes of the general of Russia, which the Poles did not like, got in the way?
In 1945, after Stalin’s toast to the Russian people, someone admired the fact that he, a Georgian, so highly appreciated the merits of the Russian people. To this Stalin said: “I am Russian of Georgian origin.” And Przhevalsky could say: “I am Russian of Zaporozhye origin.”
Having learned about his DNA analysis, Burdonsky said: “Armenians have lived in Gori from time immemorial. Assimilating, they adopted Georgian surnames: Muradyan - Muradeli, Palyan - Paliashvili... But the director bypassed the phrase “Russia was ruled by Ossetians.” After 2008, when the Georgians wanted to “liberate” South Ossetia, any words about the Ossetians could detonate like bombs. But it has long been known that Burdonsky clearly moves away from politics, does not comment on films about Stalin, and does not participate in disputes between the descendants of the leader. But his DNA data leads to a dead end.
WINGED GOSSIP
“No one has as many white spots and skeletons in the closet as Stalin,” writes one author. His entire biography, from birth to death, is a mass of ambiguities and myths.” This applies to both his deeds and thoughts.
A number of Stalin's sayings are attributed to him. Author of the aphorism “If there is a person, there is a problem.” No person - no problem” - writer A. Rybakov.
“The death of one person is a tragedy, but the death of millions is a statistic.” These words were said not by Stalin, but by the writer Remarque.
The words “Stalin took Russia with a plow and left with an atomic bomb” belong not to Churchill, but to the British I. Deutscher. But he wrote not about the bomb, but about nuclear reactors. Significant difference.
Academician Bekhterev did not call Stalin a “withered-armed paranoid.” His granddaughter Natalya Bekhtereva admitted in 1995 that she had previously said these words under pressure from Stalin’s whistleblowers.
“Of all the arts, cinema is the most important for us.” But Lenin further explained: “Because it doesn’t require money.” But the abbreviation is correct.
When Stalin was offered to exchange his son Yakov, who was captured, for Paulus, he allegedly replied: “I don’t exchange a soldier for a marshal.” These words were composed by the authors of the film "Liberation".
They write on the Internet that Peter I is the son of Patriarch Nikon. In 1982 L.N. Gumilyov told me the same thing: Peter’s father is not Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, but Nikon, and he is Mordvin by nationality.
How whimsical are the gene vortexes! Raising archival dust, they give rise to bizarre rumors. They say that the father of Pushkin’s son was Nicholas I. And Alexander Ulyanov is the son of Alexander II. He allegedly knew this and therefore decided to take revenge on the king by preparing an assassination attempt on him.
The variety of quotes allows you to select what you need for both supporters and detractors of Stalin. The bias of the authors of the articles is visible from the first lines. I will try to avoid extremes. It's difficult to do, but I'll try.
THE FATE OF JAKOV
Yakov, the leader’s son from Ekaterina Svanidze, was born in 1907. Shortly before that, Kato was in prison for posting leaflets. Later Yakov said: “I have not yet lived in the world, but I was already in prison.” His mother gave birth to him in the village of Badji, Kutaisi province, but soon died. He grew up in a village where everyone spoke Georgian. He was raised and taught to read and write by his mother's brother Alexei Svanidze. (And Przhevalsky was raised by his maternal uncle!) And Stalin was in deep underground: raising funds for party affairs, arrests, exiles, escapes. Yakov never saw his father and did not remember his mother.
When 14-year-old Yakov arrived in Moscow, his father greeted him dryly. Seeing Yakov's wary look, he called him a wolf cub. Stalin did not welcome his relatives, did not like to remember the friends of his youth with whom he raised funds for the party. He didn’t want M. Bulgakov to finish the play about young Kobe.
Elena Sergeevna Bulgakova told me in 1967 about the beginning of the play “Batum”. The head of the Theological Seminary in Tiflis reprimands students for reading forbidden books and calls on them to completely devote themselves to God. And then Koba says: “Amen!” “Imagine what the leader’s first phrase is!” - Elena Sergeevna laughed. In August 1939, Bulgakov traveled with her to Batumi. And suddenly - a telegram: return to Moscow. The leader seemed to say: “All young people are the same. Why write about young Stalin? Having experienced the shock, Bulgakov soon fell ill and died six months later.
But let's go back to 1921. Shy Yakov, who did not speak Russian, saw Moscow for the first time and was overwhelmed by its greatness. I felt uncomfortable in my father’s Kremlin apartment. Nadezhda Sergeevna Alliluyeva, the leader’s wife, treated him with care. She had just given birth to a son, Vasily, and in 1926, a daughter, Svetlana. Handsome, slender, Yakov did not do well at school on Arbat, but he won chess and played football well. Girls fell in love with him. After graduating from the electrical engineering school in Sokolniki, Yakov wanted to marry Zoya Gunina, a cadet from Dmitrov. Stalin objects. Yakov shoots himself. “Hooligan and blackmailer! - said the father, - Now I have nothing in common with him. Let him live where and with whomever he wants.”
The first secretary of the Leningrad regional party committee, Kirov, invited Yakov to go to Leningrad. There he and Zoya lived with the Alliluyevs, the parents of Stalin’s wife, and became a relay operator for Lenenergo cable networks. Picking up the phone, he answered: “Yakov Zhuk is listening.” Life is tight, wages are not enough. But Yakov doesn’t ask anyone for help. In 1930, Yakov entered the Moscow Institute of Transport Engineers. Having learned about this, Stalin was pleased: “Finally he came to his senses.” Zoya gives birth to a daughter, who dies. The marriage breaks up.
Yakov sees that there is no happiness in his father’s family. Stalin is cool towards his wife. Especially after her words: “A truly brilliant person who left the country without bread.” The younger brother Vasily already recognized the taste of wine. In a difficult atmosphere, sister Svetlana grows up withdrawn, although there are friendly people nearby - Bukharin, Beria. For whom they are leaders, and for her - Uncle Kolya and Uncle Lavrenty. Svetlana, like her mother, will become friends with Yakov. But trouble is brewing in the house.
On November 7, 1932, Stalin said to Nadezhda Sergeevna at a reception: “Hey, drink wine!” “I’m not saying, ‘Hey,’” she replies and leaves. Later he calls Stalin at his dacha in Zubalovo, where he went with a woman. Without getting through, she shoots herself. According to another version, Stalin found his wife with Yakov and shot her, but did not touch his son. Farewell to Nadezhda Sergeevna took place in the Kremlin's household department, in what is now the Central Department Store. "Yakov wept over the coffin."
After graduating from MIIT, Yakov worked as an engineer at the ZIL heating plant. There he became friends with student Olya Golysheva. But the wedding did not come to pass; she left for Uryupinsk, where in 1936 she gave birth to a son, Zhenya. Yakov insisted that his son’s surname be changed from Golyshev to Dzhugashvili.
In 1937, Yakov entered the Artillery Academy named after. Dzerzhinsky, in Leningrad. A year later, taking into account his MIIT diploma, he was transferred from the 1st year to the 4th year. He continued his studies at the Academy, transferred to Moscow.
In 1938, Yakov married ballerina Julia Meltzer. Stalin does not like her, although after the birth of his granddaughter Galina he fell in love with Gulya. In the spring of 1941, at a ball for academy graduates in the Kremlin, Stalin called and congratulated his son in the uniform of a senior lieutenant.
"GO AND FIGHT!"
Yakov left for the front on June 23, 1941. He said goodbye to his father over the phone, hearing: “Go and fight!” Yakov was appointed battery commander of the 14th Howitzer Regiment of the 14th Tank Division. The shortest route: Moscow-Smolensk-Katyn-Rudnya, the regiment went to Vitebsk and was surrounded. The division commander Vasiliev ordered the head of the special department to take battalion commander Dzhugashvili into his car, but he refused to leave the people entrusted to him.
In the first three weeks of the war, a million killed and 724 thousand prisoners were lost. At the time, no one knew this, or how many were surrounded. And by January 1, 1942, there were already 3.9 million of our soldiers and officers in captivity. Before the war, there were 5.5 million in the Red Army. Jacob’s captivity is described in detail on the Internet. But I will state my objections.
Yakov’s fellow soldier Ivan Sapegin wrote: “The regiment was surrounded. The division commander abandoned us. Driving past Yakov Iosifovich, he did not even inquire about his fate, but he himself broke out of the encirclement on a tank.” On July 17, 1941, the artillerymen emerged from the encirclement towards Katyn, but Yakov was not among them. He was last seen deploying howitzers for battle. And from the explosion of the bomb, Yakov fell along with the horses.
Probably Yakov died then. The Germans, having captured several Georgians, learned from them about the death of Stalin's son, they informed Hitler. Goebbels ordered to choose one of the Georgians, similar to Dzhugashvili, and print leaflets with photographs of Lzheyakov. And they began to be dropped from planes. Here, they say, “Stalin’s son surrendered and feels good. And in the Red Army, inevitable execution awaits you.” It has been precisely proven that the photographs were edited, and the person in them is not Dzhugashvili. And they write that Stalin’s refusal to exchange his son for Paulus doomed Yakov to death. They say that the leader followed in the footsteps of Ivan the Terrible and Peter I, who killed their sons.
The Georgian, who took on the role of Yakov, ended up in Sachsenhausen, in the same barracks with Churchill’s relative, Molotov’s nephew and other “high-ranking” prisoners. In fact, Molotov did not have a nephew. The camp authorities, apparently on orders from Berlin, decided to stage a fight and kill Stalin’s son and Molotov’s “nephew.” And put the blame on the British prisoners in order to drive a wedge between the USSR and England.
In fact, the Germans no longer needed Lzheyakov. If our special capture group had freed him, the scam would have been immediately exposed. Realizing this, Lzheyakov threw himself onto a high-voltage wire and died from a shot in the head. This happened on April 14, 1943 in Sachsenhausen. But the last moments of Yakov’s life were cut short on July 17, 1941 between Liozno and Vitebsk.
On August 15, 1941, the Krasnaya Zvezda newspaper reported: Yakov Dzhugashvili showed “an amazing example of true heroism - in a fierce battle, he did not leave his combat post until the last shell, destroying the enemy.” The same issue published a decree awarding him the Order of the Red Banner. And in 1977, after a new thorough study of the circumstances, Yakov Iosifovich was finally rehabilitated and awarded the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree.
FROM THE SUBTROPICS TO THE POLE OF COLD
Let's go back to the leader's youth. The sacrament of baptism of the baby Soso was performed by Archpriest Khakhalov. Khakhalov Street exists in Ulan-Ude, but is not connected with its Tiflis namesake. However, Stalin knew the Buryats, since during his first exile he lived in Novaya Uda, Balagansky district, Irkutsk region - the easternmost point in his life. And in the north, in neighboring Yakutia, there is the Earth’s pole of cold.
The author of this article was born in the village of Molka, on the Angara, 27 km from Novaya Uda, and it is in the depths of the mountain taiga. Nearby is the Buryat ulus of Kurusa, where my grandfather Ivan Baraev and our relatives the Bartukovs, Gulyashinovs, and Khamaganovs lived. Arriving in Novaya Uda on November 11, 1903, 24-year-old Stalin fled from here on January 5, 1904. On horseback and in a sleigh, Mitrofan Kungurov took the fugitive to Kurusa, Molka, Balagansk, where the Buryats live, and delivered Stalin to the Trans-Siberian Railway.
In 1935, the owner of the house in Novaya Uda, where Stalin lived, recognized her tenant in the newspaper. The children wrote a letter to the leader, he sent them a radio and a gramophone with records. A Stalin Museum appeared in Novaya Uda.
In 1936, the leader became more closely acquainted with the Buryats. Stalin received the delegation of the Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and was photographed with the girl Geley in his arms. A photo with the caption “Thank you for our happy childhood!” became known throughout the country. But in 1937, Geli’s father, Ardan Markizov, second secretary of the regional party committee, was accused of pan-Mongolism and shot along with other “enemies of the people.” The mother of the famous girl was exiled to Central Asia. 7-year-old Gelya came home and found her with her throat cut. And copies of the photograph of Stalin and the girl continued to decorate the cities and villages of the country. The symbol of a happy childhood became a symbol of the hypocrisy of the era.
The orphan was raised by the Dyrkheyevs' relatives. Under this name she entered Moscow State University. Having married a fellow student, Engelsina Ardanovna Cheshkova graduated from the history department, defended her dissertation, and worked in universities. She died in 2005. Her two daughters live in England and the USA. This is such a creepy fairy tale with a good ending.
In the 30s, two of my grandfathers, on my father’s and mother’s sides, and three uncles died. The fourth uncle, Maxim Taskhanov, having learned in the field about the arrests, without going home, sailed by boat to a village on the left bank of the Angara. There he became a good tractor driver, and he was not allowed to go to the front. But in 1943, Maxim obtained permission and ended up in a tank battle near Prokhorovka. His first fight was his last. He died of his wounds in a hospital in the village of Bolkhov, Oryol region. If Luka, Joseph, Nikita had not been shot in 1937, they, like Maxim, would have fought for their Motherland.
Before the war, 1,800 generals and millions of ordinary people, who were so lacking at the fronts, were arrested. Stalin repressed his comrades in the revolutionary struggle in Transcaucasia and even his relatives. The brother of Stalin's first wife Alyosha Svanidze, Yakov's tutor, became the People's Commissar of Finance of Georgia, then the Trade Representative of the USSR in Berlin, and Chairman of Vneshtorgbank. An excellent leader, connoisseur of many languages, he was accused of espionage and executed in 1942. His wife Mariko, who nursed Yakov, died in ALZHIR - the Akmola camp for the wives of traitors to the motherland. In 1961-65, while working in Tselinograd, formerly Akmolinsk, I visited the villages of this camp. Frosts in winter and heat in summer were the main ones in a series of trials for ALZHER.
Not only Svanidze, but also almost all the Alliluyevs were repressed. When Yakov disappeared at the front, Stalin, suspecting his wife Yulia Meltzer of “demoralizing her husband,” arrested her to reveal the extent of her guilt. She spent a year and a half in the Kuibyshev prison.
VISIT TO THE SHAMAN
In April 2011, an employee of a construction company, Alex, went to a village near the Ulan-Ude airport to see a shaman. Alex had no desire for shamanism, but decided to find out his ancestors. He has Russian and Buryat blood mixed in him, but there are Caucasian features in his character and appearance.
The village where Alex arrived is an unusual place. Nearby is the Khamar-Daban ridge, a Buddhist datsan and the remains of a Hun settlement. It will soon enter the orbit of the city of Ulan-Ude. And then the capital of Buryatia will become the oldest city in Russia, more than two thousand years old.
Some shamans perform rituals by banging a tambourine, jumping and going into ecstasy. This is done before a hunt or at holidays in honor of the spirits of ancestors. Predictors of the future and experts on the past do without outfits, music and rituals. Vision of the past is aerobatics. Predicting the future is difficult, knowing the past is even more difficult. Alex found just such a shaman.
The owner of the house, Bimba, looks to be about forty years old, of average height, heavyset, dressed simply. He lives in an ordinary yard, with a well in the middle of the garden, and flocks for livestock. He has a family - a wife and several children. Bimba greeted the guest warmly, but said that today he could not pray for an extension of life. Alex replied that he was interested in something else. Bimba led him to a house in the yard so that the children would not interfere with the conversation. I lit the stove and lit a cigarette. Alex said that he studied in Moscow, at the Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, but due to the difficulties of the 90s, he returned to Ulan-Ude and graduated from BSU. Here Bimba added that he had an agricultural education. And he asked if he knew his great-grandfather? The shaman guessed why he came, and Alex said: “My father left Ulan-Ude when I was one year old. I grew up without him, saw him rarely, met my grandfather, but didn’t know my great-grandfather.”
Bimba lit a new cigarette. Then he began to talk, but not to Alex, but looking up and to the side. When he received answers, he nodded his head. It even seemed to Alex that the shaman had forgotten about him. And Bimba suddenly said:
— Your great-grandfather had a withered left hand. And my great-great-grandfather was of Ukrainian blood. His ancestors fought with swords, in armor, chain mail...
Alex could neither confirm nor deny the shaman. When leaving, Alex thanked him, and Bimba did not demand anything for the fortune-telling.
In May 2011, Alex went to Moscow and met with his father, whom he had not seen for 20 years. Having learned about the shaman’s words, the father sighed and said that he was the son of Yakov Dzhugashvili...
ILLEGAL SON OF JAKOB
Yakov had a friend Sergei, a cadet at the Higher School of Command Staff of the Red Army in Leningrad. Yakov studied here before the transfer of the Artillery Academy to Moscow. The friend did not have children and, apparently, could not have had them. Lisa, Sergei's wife, fell in love with Yakov, and after meeting him she became pregnant. On February 23, 1940, son Valery was born. After graduating from Higher School, Sergei was sent to Riga. At the beginning of the war, Sergei sent his wife and child to Saratov and went to the front. After the war, Colonel Sergei Averyanov served in Lvov. In 1949, Stalin, having learned about his grandson, invited him and his mother Elizaveta Antonovna to Moscow. The meeting took place at the leader's dacha. Seeing his grandson, Stalin talked to him, stroked his head and said: “Good boy”...
In 1954, Sergei Petrovich Averyanov retired and went to Saratov with his wife and son. After graduating from school, Valery worked at a factory. Became a candidate for the party. In 1959 he entered the journalism department of Leningrad University. In the 3rd year, he was expelled from the party and Leningrad State University for sharp statements. Later, his party card was returned to him and he was reinstated at Leningrad State University, but he left his studies.
In 1964, Valery arrived in Ulan-Ude and got a job in the music editorial office of a television studio. I became interested in Buddhism and met Dandaron, the leader of a tantric group. In addition to his main work, Valery painted paintings. One day, sitting at an easel in the attic of the dacha, he heard stomping. Two tough “bator” went up to the attic and demanded to leave the Buryat girl, the artist’s daughter, alone. “If you don’t listen, we’ll mutilate you!” Taking a tiger pose and uttering a karateka battle cry, Valery threw them down the stairs.
Later Valery married another Buryat woman from a television studio. She is one of the Irkutsk baptized Buryats. Her mother, Marfa Filippovna Khamaganova, comes from Kurusa, near Novaya Uda, where Stalin was exiled.
In January 1966, Valery's son Alex was born. Everything is fine - a loving wife, a cozy apartment in the center, a good job. But in 1967 Valery left Buryatia. Persecution of tantrists began, and soon Dandaron was sent to prison, where he died, and the students were “smeared.” So Valery left on time. His wife and son remained in Ulan-Ude. And Valery wrote the book “Astral Karate” and a number of other books. Under the nickname Guru Var Avera there is a lot of interesting information about him on the Internet.
I have known Alex’s mother, my relative, since childhood, but I saw my son later, since I did not live in Ulan-Ude. He is tall, slender, handsome. An amazingly sincere, intelligent person. I didn't want to say his mom's name. It’s unusual, rare and so “on topic” that I’ll still reveal it: her name is Stalina!
Arriving from Moscow, Alex told the shaman that he had precisely indicated the niches of the genealogy, and his father filled them with personalities: Przhevalsky - Stalin - Yakov Dzhugashvili - Valery - Alex. Badma listened, looked at the genealogical table and... said nothing. Alex was surprised by this reaction. The shaman apparently did not believe it. And Alex decided to send his data for DNA analysis to Yekaterinburg and the USA. It's not a quick and expensive thing. But it's worth it.
“Well,” the skeptic will sigh, “another descendant of Stalin!” How many of them were there in the USSR! No less than the children of Lieutenant Schmidt. As a child, I saw in Ulan-Ude a man completely similar to Stalin. He went down Leninskaya, and I and everyone nearby, not believing our eyes, looked at him. Mustache, pipe in mouth, jacket, boots. And the eyes with a squint of grandeur and condescension looked at me and the dumbfounded people...
DESCENDANTS OF THE LEADER
Television and the press bypass the descendants of Stalin. But you can find out about them on the Internet. More is known about Stalin's daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva (1926-2011). She is the author of books where she talks about her mother, her childhood, brothers Yakov and Vasily, her husbands and children.
Several films have been made about Vasily Stalin. In reviews and articles they wrote about him and his son Alexander Burdonsky, director of the Soviet Army Theater. He has a sister, Nadezhda Vasilievna. Her mother is Galina Burdonskaya, and her daughter Nadya retained the Stalin surname. As a child, she lived in Gori, studied at a theater school, but returned to Moscow. She married the son of the writer A. Fadeev, actor of the Chekhov Moscow Art Theater Mikhail Fadeev. Their daughter also kept Stalin's surname.
Less is known about Jacob's descendants. Galina Dzhugashvili (1938-2007), daughter of Yakov from Yulia Meltser, graduated from Moscow State University, became a candidate of philological sciences, and worked at the Gorky Institute of World Literature. She, like Svetlana Alliluyeva, considered her half-brother Evgeniy Yakovlevich an “impostor”, because his mother Olga Golysheva did not formalize her marriage with Yakov. A long time ago he received a letter from Svetlana Alliluyeva: “Sit in your Uryupinsk and don’t rock the boat, otherwise...” Then came the threats. The matter reached the courts.
And Colonel Evgeniy Yakovlevich Dzhugashvili (b. 1936) is a respected person, candidate of historical sciences, teaches at the Academy of the General Staff. V.M. Molotov, meeting him, was amazed at Evgeniy’s resemblance to Stalin.
The son of Evgeniy Yakovlevich Vissarion (born 1965) is a film director. In 1996, while studying at VGIK, he took a photo with his friend Dato and my grandson Sasha Baraev. V. Dzhugashvili’s diploma work, the film “Stone,” won a prize at the Oberhausen Film Festival in 1998. In 2000, Vissarion, together with D. Abashidze, created the film “Yakov - Son of Stalin.” The role of Stalin in the film was played by his father E.Ya. Dzhugashvili.
Vissarion has two sons - Soso and Vaso. Joseph Vissarionovich is 16 years old. He is a good pianist. Vasily is 11 years old and studies in college. Vissarion Dzhugashvili lived with his wife Nino Lomkatsi and children in the USA, and now in Georgia.
Yakov Evgenievich Dzhugashvili (born 1972) – artist, Muscovite. He does not sympathize with the Saakashvili regime, which ordered the removal of the Stalin statue in Gori. By fighting against Stalin, Saakashvili is fighting against Russia, Yakov believes. The lies about the leader spread in Georgia are destroying the defense mechanism of the Georgian and Russian peoples.
Evgeniy Yakovlevich Dzhugashvili, participating in the trial to protect the honor and dignity of Joseph Stalin, with the help of historians (L. Zhura, Yu. Mukhin, S. Strygin) proved the inconsistency of the speeches of the radio “Echo of Moscow”, “Novaya Gazeta” and the television program “Pozner” accusing Stalin of executing Poles in Katyn. Recently, the Tverskoy Court of Moscow confirmed that Polish officers in Katyn were shot by the Germans in September 1941.
- This is a big victory! – says Yakov Evgenievich, “This is no longer journalism, but a court document confirming a terrible medical fact.”
When we retreated in September 1941, we left camps with Poles captured two years earlier when our troops entered western Ukraine and Belarus. The Nazis threw all their strength into the assault on Moscow, winter is ahead, why feed and protect thousands of Poles? And the Germans shot them, and laid the blame on the Russians. Because of this, the embers of hostility flared up. In the 1920s, the Poles destroyed 80 thousand Red Army soldiers who were captured after Tukhachevsky’s inglorious campaign. The Poles flogged them with barbed wire whips, starved them, cold...
Vissarion conceived a new film about Yakov Iosifovich: about how he studied, worked, fought and died in battle. And Jacob’s captivity is Goebbels’ duck!
STALIN'S GREAT GRANDSON IN ULAN-UDE
While I was finishing the article, Alex Bulatov received his DNA analysis data from the USA. It turned out that he had haplogroup R1a, the same as Przhevalsky. Alex Bulatov sent me an email:
“Yesterday, my wife’s friend suggested going to the Rimpoche Bagsha datsan, on Lysaya Gora, in Ulan-Ude. We were received by a Tibetan lama, Doctor of Science, 35-40 years old, intelligent-looking, wearing glasses. His wife asked him her questions, which he answered. Then he asked me if I wanted to know something. Hearing “No,” everyone laughed together. The lama also smiled, realizing that I had a question. And I asked: “What is my relationship to Stalin?” The Lama entered into meditation, raised his eyes upward, fingering his sandalwood rosary, and began to mutter something. Finally, he said: “Stalin is your great-grandfather.” My wife almost fell out of her chair. Before that, she didn’t take my words seriously.”
When the results of the analysis arrived, Alex was surprised not only by them, but also by the lama’s clairvoyance. Knowing nothing about him, he called Stalin his great-grandfather. It turns out that Przhevalsky is Stalin’s father, and Alex is his great-grandson. What about the Bourdonsky G2 haplogram? Either his analysis is incorrect, or he is not a direct descendant of Stalin. But if Stalin’s haplogroup is known, it can be used to confirm or refute the version “Przhevalsky is Stalin’s father.”
Why all this fuss about the leader? - someone will be indignant, - does the author want to revive his cult? No, I want to talk about events that are not covered in the media. The struggle of blood descendants for the honor and dignity of Stalin also affects his spiritual heirs.
Judge for yourself: on April 28, a meeting was held in Moscow to mark the 90th anniversary of Stalin’s election as General Secretary of the Central Committee. The report was made by MSU Professor R.I. Kosolapov. On May 5, a ceremonial meeting was held in the Column Hall of the House of Unions to mark the 100th anniversary of the newspaper Pravda. It was hosted by television announcers Anna Shatilova and Evgeny Kochergin. Speeches and greetings from Venezuela, Bolivia, Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, and China alternated with concert numbers performed by the Ministry of Internal Affairs ensemble (conducted by General Viktor Eliseev). When Honored Artist of Russia Natalia Kurganskaya sang: “Let's drink to the Motherland, let's drink to Stalin,” an ovation broke out in the hall.
The memory of the leader is alive, the spiritual protest of the veterans is deep. It becomes clear why Stalin became one of the winners of the “Great People of Russia” poll, and why his works are being published again. And in Moscow and Dnepropetrovsk, communists who were not members of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation and the Communist Party of Ukraine established the Order of Stalin. Many people have been awarded them. R.I. became a holder of both orders of Stalin. Kosolapov. The split that destroyed the unity of the party was impossible under Stalin. Residents of the Caucasus, Siberia, and the North retain their love for the leader. In the city of Mirny (Yakutia) a monument to Stalin was erected. In Irkutsk in 2011, a Stalin Museum was created, where there is a sculpture of the leader with a girl...
Five of my blood ancestors died in the repressions of the 30s. My father was expelled from the party twice and fired from his job. Our family was poor and hungry. But my father was reinstated in the ranks. And until the end of his life he believed in the Lenin-Stalin cause. I was also a member of the party, worked in the magazine “Communist”. But, while condemning the repressions and mistakes of those years, we must not forget about the achievements of our country and paint everything with black paint.
Vladimir Baraev.
Photo from the archive
Author:
Participation in the revolutionary movement
In his last year of study, Joseph was expelled from the seminary with the issuance of a document giving him the right to work as a teacher in institutions that provided primary education.
Since 1899, he began to professionally engage in revolutionary work, in particular, he became a member of the party committees of Tiflis and Batumi, and participated in attacks on banking institutions to obtain funds for the needs of the RSDLP.
Joseph Stalin in his youth
In the period 1902-1913. he was arrested eight times and sent into exile seven times as a criminal punishment. But between arrests, while at large, he continued to be active. For example, in 1904, he organized the grandiose Baku strike, which ended with the conclusion of an agreement between workers and oil owners.
Out of necessity, the young revolutionary then had many party pseudonyms - Nizheradze, Soselo, Chizhikov, Ivanovich, Koba. Their total number exceeded 30 names.
In the period 1902-1913. Joseph Stalin was arrested eight times
In 1905, at the first party conference in Finland, he first met Vladimir Ulyanov-Lenin. Then he was a delegate at the IV and V party congresses in Sweden and Great Britain. In 1912, at the party plenum in Baku, he was included in absentia into the Central Committee. In the same year, he decided to finally change his last name to the party nickname “Stalin”, consonant with the established pseudonym of the leader of the world proletariat.
In 1913, the “fiery Colchian,” as Lenin sometimes called him, once again fell into exile. Having been released in 1917, together with Lev Kamenev (real name Rosenfeld), he headed the Bolshevik newspaper Pravda and worked to prepare an armed uprising.
How did Stalin come to power?
After the October Revolution, Stalin joined the Council of People's Commissars and the Bureau of the Party Central Committee. During the Civil War, he also held a number of responsible positions and gained enormous experience in political and military leadership. In 1922, he took the position of General Secretary, but the General Secretary in those years was not yet the head of the party.
Joseph Stalin, Vladimir Lenin and Mikhail Kalinin during the 8th Party Congress, March 1919
When Lenin died in 1924, Stalin took over the country, crushing the opposition, and began industrialization, collectivization, and a cultural revolution. The success of Stalin's policy lay in competent personnel policy. “Personnel decide everything,” is a quote from Joseph Vissarionovich in a speech to graduates of the military academy in 1935. During his first years in power, he appointed more than 4 thousand party functionaries to responsible positions, thereby forming the backbone of the Soviet nomenklatura. Joseph Stalin. How to become a leader But first of all, he eliminated his competitors in the political struggle, not forgetting to take advantage of their achievements. Nikolai Bukharin became the author of the concept of the national question, which the Secretary General took as the basis for his course. Grigory Lev Kamenev owned the slogan “Stalin is Lenin today,” and Stalin actively promoted the idea that he was the successor of Vladimir Ilyich and literally instilled the cult of Lenin’s personality, strengthening leader sentiments in society. Well, Leon Trotsky, with the support of ideologically close economists, developed a plan for forced industrialization.
Lenin and Stalin
It was the latter who became Stalin's main opponent. Disagreements between them began long before this - back in 1918, Joseph was indignant that Trotsky, a newcomer to the party, was trying to teach him the right course. Immediately after Lenin's death, Lev Davidovich fell into disgrace. In 1925, the plenum of the Central Committee summed up the “damage” that Trotsky’s speeches caused to the party. The activist was removed from the post of head of the Revolutionary Military Council, and Mikhail Frunze was appointed in his place. Trotsky was expelled from the USSR, and a struggle against manifestations of “Trotskyism” began in the country. The fugitive settled in Mexico, but was killed in 1940 by an NKVD agent.
After Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev came under Stalin’s crosshairs and were eventually eliminated during the apparatus war.
Stalin's repressions
Stalin's methods of achieving impressive success in transforming an agricultural country into a superpower - violence, terror, repression with torture - cost millions of human lives.
Several years before the repressions. Stalin, Lenin and Trotsky at the celebration of the second anniversary of the Great October Revolution on Red Square
Along with the kulaks, the innocent rural population of middle income also became victims of dispossession (evictions, confiscation of property, executions), which led to the virtual destruction of the village. When the situation reached critical proportions, the Father of Nations issued a statement about “excesses on the ground.”
Forced collectivization (unification of peasants into collective farms), the concept of which was adopted in November 1929, destroyed traditional agriculture and led to dire consequences. In 1932, mass famine struck Ukraine, Belarus, Kuban, the Volga region, the Southern Urals, Kazakhstan, and Western Siberia.
Stalin, Molotov, Voroshilov and Yezhov at the elections to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, 1937
Researchers agree that the political repressions of the dictator-“architect of communism” against the command staff of the Red Army, persecution of scientists, cultural figures, doctors, engineers, mass closures of churches, deportations of many peoples, including Crimean Tatars, Germans, etc., also caused enormous harm to the state. Chechens, Balkars, Ingrian Finns. Speech by J.V. Stalin to the Red Army on November 7, 1941 In 1941, after Hitler’s attack on the USSR, the Supreme Commander-in-Chief made many erroneous decisions in the art of war. In particular, his refusal to promptly withdraw military formations from near Kyiv led to the unjustified death of a significant mass of the armed forces - five armies. But later, when organizing various military operations, he already showed himself to be a very competent strategist.
Joseph Stalin, Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill
The significant contribution of the USSR to the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945 contributed to the formation of the world socialist system, as well as the growth of the authority of the country and its leader. The “Great Helmsman” contributed to the creation of a powerful domestic military-industrial complex, the transformation of the Soviet Union into a nuclear superpower, one of the founders of the UN and a permanent member of its Security Council with the right of veto.
Childhood
Vasily was born in 1921. At that time, Joseph Stalin was the People's Commissar for Nationalities. The Civil War was ending in the country, and a bureaucratic struggle broke out in the echelons of power to replace the dying Lenin. Joseph Stalin also took an active part in it, which is why he had no time for his family.
Nevertheless, Vasily had a sister, Svetlana, born in 1926, as well as an older half-brother, Yakov, who remained from his first marriage. In addition, Stalin had an adopted son, Artem Sergeev, left behind by the deceased famous revolutionary and taken under the patronage of the People's Commissar. Vasily studied and was brought up with him.
In 1932, the child’s mother, Nadezhda Alliluyeva, died tragically. She committed suicide. In recent years, she had a painful relationship with Joseph Stalin. After this, Vasily remained to live at his father’s dacha under the supervision of a large number of servants. Joseph almost stopped visiting this place, remaining in Moscow for work.
Personal life of Joseph Stalin
“Uncle Joe,” as Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill called Stalin, was married twice. His first chosen one was Ekaterina Svanidze, the sister of his friend from studying at the Tiflis Theological Seminary. Their wedding took place in the Church of St. David in July 1906.
Stalin's first wife Ekaterina Svanidze
A year later, Kato gave her husband her first child, Yakov. When the boy was only 8 months old, she died (according to some sources from tuberculosis, others from typhoid fever). She was 22 years old. As the English historian Simon Montefiore noted, during the funeral, 28-year-old Stalin did not want to say goodbye to his beloved wife and jumped into her grave, from where he was rescued with great difficulty.
Stalin's son Yakov in German captivity
After the death of his mother, Yakov met his father only at the age of 14. After school, without his permission, he got married, then, due to a conflict with his father, he tried to commit suicide. During the Second World War he died in German captivity. According to one legend, the Nazis offered to exchange Jacob for Friedrich Paulus, but Stalin did not take the opportunity to save his son, saying that he would not exchange a field marshal for a soldier.
Joseph Stalin and his second wife Nadezhda Alliluyeva
The second time the “Locomotive of the Revolution” tied the knot of Hymen at the age of 39, in 1918. His affair with 16-year-old Nadezhda, the daughter of one of the revolutionary workers Sergei Alliluyev, began a year earlier. Then he returned from Siberian exile and lived in their apartment. In 1920, the couple had a son, Vasily, a future lieutenant general of aviation, and in 1926, a daughter, Svetlana, who emigrated to the United States in 1966. She married an American and took the surname Peters.
Joseph Stalin with his son Vasily and daughter Svetlana
Artem, the son of Stalin’s friend Fyodor Sergeev, who died in a railway accident, was also brought up in the family of Joseph Vissarionovich.
In 1932, the “Father of Nations” was widowed again - after their next quarrel, his wife committed suicide, leaving him, according to her daughter, a “terrible” letter full of accusations. He was shocked and angry at her action and did not go to the funeral.
Stalin's main hobby was reading
The leader's main hobby was reading. He loved Maupassant, Dostoevsky, Wilde, Gogol, Chekhov, Zola, Goethe, and quoted the Bible and Bismarck without hesitation.
Joseph Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili, who became known under the pseudonym Stalin, was born in 1878 in the small Georgian village of Gori and from an early age lived in an environment of violence.
His father, Vissarion, a shoemaker by profession, was a violent alcoholic, which earned him the nickname “mad Beso.” In the evenings, he returned home drunk and beat his wife and son, obsessed with suspicions that the child was not his. This thought haunted him, and the drinking sessions became more and more frequent. The fact that Beso had a drinking companion, a Russian political exile nicknamed Poka, did not help to reduce his dependence.
Simon Sebag Montefiore, in his book Young Stalin (2007), says that the beatings were so brutal that the child urinated blood afterward. One day, to protect his mother, the boy threw a knife at Beso.
Joseph's mother, Keke, "slender, with brown hair and large eyes," came from a modest Orthodox family. She understood that her husband’s cruelty could cost her and her son’s lives. With the help of the local police chief, she wisely moved away from her husband, who had to leave his family home. With great difficulty, his mother managed to send Joseph to a theological school in Gori - in order to pay for his studies, she had to take on any job. The boy was smart and loved to read; he soon received a scholarship to study at the Tiflis Theological Seminary, which brought his mother’s dream closer to fulfillment - to see his son in the rank of bishop.
Disease after disease
Rzeczpospolita 10/09/2016 Ilta-Sanomat 10/20/2016 TSN.ua 08/09/2017 Cumhuriyet 02/16/2018 As a child, Stalin, whom his loved ones called Soso, was very sickly. “He was the first to catch any disease,” his mother wrote in her memoirs. Joseph had a congenital defect - syndactyly (fusion of toes) on his left foot; as a child he suffered from measles and scarlet fever; he was hit by a horse-drawn carriage, as a result of which he broke his arm. At the age of 7, the boy suffered from smallpox - the pockmarks will remain on his face for the rest of his life. A pockmarked face, a crooked gait and rumors that he was an illegitimate son turned into complexes that haunted Stalin all his life.
Although his father soon disappeared from his life, the atmosphere of violence did not go away. The social order in Gori required that the young Georgian constantly participate in street fights. Mother often resorted to physical punishment. As a result, "Soso grew up pugnacious and ferocious." Stalin combined excellent studies at the seminary with street fights with older rivals. This combination soon pushed him, a young poet and an excellent singer, to read revolutionary books.
Due to his tendency to protest and his growing atheism, Stalin was eventually expelled from the seminary and fell into bad company. It was then that his childhood nickname Soso was replaced by the nickname Koba (Invincible), in honor of the famous character in the adventure story, an honest robber like Robin Hood. In 1898, the future dictator joined the Tiflis organization of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party. This decision will change his life.
Stalin never forgave his father for those terrible beatings. He met with him several more times, although subsequently he very rarely mentioned his parent. Moreover, he once mentioned that his father was actually a priest. Meanwhile, the date and circumstances of Vissarion Dzhugashvili’s death are not known for certain. According to Stalin's daughter, Svetlana Alliluyeva, her grandfather died in a drunken brawl in a tavern long before the revolution. The dictator himself said in 1912 that he was an orphan on his father’s side.
Sebag-Montefiore claims that Vissarion Dzhugashvili died on August 12, 1909, according to the Julian calendar, in the Tiflis Mikhailovsky Hospital from tuberculosis, colitis and chronic pneumonia. He was buried in a common grave.
InoSMI materials contain assessments exclusively of foreign media and do not reflect the position of the InoSMI editorial staff.
Death of Stalin
At the end of his life, the Soviet dictator was praised as a professional in all fields of knowledge. One word from him could decide the fate of any scientific discipline. There was a struggle against “kowtowing to the West”, against “cosmopolitanism”, and the exposure of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee. The last speech of I.V. Stalin (Speech at the 19th Congress of the CPSU, 1952) In his personal life, he was lonely, rarely communicated with children - he did not approve of his daughter’s endless novels and his son’s spree. At the dacha in Kuntsevo, he remained alone at night with the guards, who could usually enter him only after being called.
The period of Joseph Stalin's reign is called the "era of Stalinism"
Svetlana, who came on December 21 to congratulate her father on his 73rd birthday, noted later that he did not look well and, apparently, did not feel well, since he unexpectedly quit smoking.
On the evening of Sunday, March 1, 1953, the assistant commandant entered the chief's office with mail received at 10 p.m. and saw him lying on the floor. Having carried him along with the guards who came running to help to the sofa, he informed the senior leadership of the party about what had happened. At 9 am on March 2, a group of doctors diagnosed the patient with paralysis on the right side of the body. The time for his possible rescue was lost, and on March 5 he died of a cerebral hemorrhage.
Stalin's funeral
After an autopsy, it was discovered that Stalin had previously suffered several ischemic strokes on his legs, which provoked disruptions in the functioning of the cardiovascular system and mental disorders. Death of Joseph Stalin. End of an Era The news of the death of the Soviet leader shocked the country. The coffin with his body was placed in the Mausoleum next to Lenin. During the farewell to the deceased, a stampede arose in the crowd, costing the lives of many. In 1961, he was reburied near the Kremlin wall (after the CPSU congresses condemned the violations of “Lenin’s covenants”).
Last years
However, he got his chance. Nikita Khrushchev personally summoned him and canceled his sentence. It seemed that everything had worked out, but the leader’s son again ended up in the KGB, from where he was sent into exile in Kazan. It was a closed city where foreigners could not enter.
To depersonalize the exile, he was forbidden to bear the surname Stalin and was given a passport with the real surname of his father Dzhugashvili. His health was undermined. In addition, alcohol was still in use, without which Vasily Stalin could not live. Biography, personal life, plans and everything else collapsed in March 1962, when he died of alcohol poisoning.
